- Ethnography:
- Data Collection Approaches:
- Participant Observation: Immersing oneself in the culture or setting being studied to observe and record behavior and interactions.
- Field Notes: Detailed written descriptions and reflections based on observations made during participant observation.
- Interviews: Conducting structured or semi-structured interviews with participants to gather in-depth insights into their experiences and perspectives.
- Document Analysis: Reviewing and analyzing documents, artifacts, or records relevant to the cultural context being studied.
- Data Collection Approaches:
- Phenomenology:
- Data Collection Approaches:
- In-Depth Interviews: Conducting semi-structured interviews focused on exploring participants’ lived experiences and perceptions.
- Phenomenological Reflection: Encouraging participants to reflect deeply on their experiences and articulate their subjective realities.
- Participant Diaries or Journals: Participants maintain diaries or journals to record their experiences and reflections over a period of time.
- Data Collection Approaches:
- Grounded Theory:
- Data Collection Approaches:
- Interviews: Conducting semi-structured interviews with participants to gather data on their experiences, attitudes, and behaviors.
- Constant Comparative Analysis: Iteratively comparing data collected from different participants and situations to identify patterns and themes.
- Theoretical Sampling: Selecting participants and gathering data based on emerging theoretical insights to refine and validate theories.
- Data Collection Approaches:
- Case Study:
- Data Collection Approaches:
- Interviews: Conducting in-depth interviews with key stakeholders or participants involved in the case under study.
- Document Review: Analyzing documents, reports, and records related to the case to understand its context and dynamics.
- Direct Observation: Observing events, behaviors, or phenomena directly related to the case study to gather first-hand data.
- Data Collection Approaches:
- Content Analysis:
- Data Collection Approaches:
- Textual Analysis: Systematically analyzing textual data such as documents, transcripts, or online content to identify themes and patterns.
- Coding: Categorizing and labeling segments of textual data based on predefined codes or emerging themes.
- Sampling: Selecting specific documents or texts relevant to the research question or topic of study for detailed analysis.
- Data Collection Approaches:
- Narrative Analysis:
- Data Collection Approaches:
- Narrative Interviews: Conducting interviews focused on eliciting participants’ personal stories, life experiences, or narratives.
- Storytelling Workshops: Facilitating workshops or group sessions where participants share and reflect on their narratives and storytelling.
- Textual Analysis: Analyzing written or oral narratives to identify narrative structures, themes, and underlying meanings.
- Data Collection Approaches:
- Exploratory Research:
- Data Collection Approaches:
- Literature Review: Reviewing existing literature and studies to explore and identify gaps, trends, and areas for further investigation.
- Focus Groups: Conducting group discussions with participants to explore perceptions, attitudes, and opinions on a specific topic or issue.
- Pilot Studies: Conducting small-scale studies or trials to test research methods, instruments, or procedures before full-scale implementation.
- Data Collection Approaches: