Research Methods

Qualitative Research Methods:

1. Ethnography: Study of cultures and societies through participant observation and immersion.
2. Phenomenology: Exploration of individuals’ lived experiences to understand their subjective reality.
3. Grounded Theory: Development of theories grounded in data, often through systematic coding and categorization.
4. Case Study: In-depth analysis of a single entity (individual, group, organization) to understand complex phenomena.
5. Content Analysis: Systematic analysis of textual or visual data to identify patterns or themes.
6. Narrative Analysis: Examination of stories or narratives to uncover underlying meanings and structures.
7. Exploratory Research: Preliminary exploration of a topic or issue to gain insights and formulate more specific research questions.

Quantitative Research Methods:

1. Experimental Research: Controlled investigation to establish cause-effect relationships.
2. Survey Research: Collection of data from a sample population to generalize findings to a larger population.
3. Correlational Research: Examination of relationships between variables without manipulation.
4. Longitudinal Study: Study of a group of subjects over an extended period to observe changes over time.
5. Meta-Analysis: Statistical analysis that synthesizes findings from multiple studies to draw conclusions.
6. Descriptive Statistics: Summarization and interpretation of data to describe characteristics of a sample or population.

Mixed Methods:

1. Sequential Explanatory Design: Quantitative data collection and analysis followed by qualitative data collection and analysis to explore findings further.
2. Convergent Parallel Design: Simultaneous collection and analysis of both quantitative and qualitative data to compare and integrate results.
3. Embedded Design: One form of data collection and analysis (quantitative or qualitative) embedded within the other to provide a comprehensive understanding.

These approaches collectively cover a wide range of methodologies used in research, each suited to different types of research questions and objectives.